Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is
increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating …

Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

In June 2021, western North America experienced a record-breaking heat wave outside the
distribution of previously observed temperatures. While it is clear that the event was extreme …

The extension of the ERA5 reanalysis back to 1950 supplements the previously published
segment covering 1979 to the present. It features the assimilation of additional conventional …

Global vegetation and associated ecosystem services critically depend on soil moisture
availability which has decreased in many regions during the last three decades. While …

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and their
redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate …

We present a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit global
surface temperature data set, HadCRUT5. HadCRUT5 presents monthly average near …

Tropical forests play a critical role in the hydrological cycle and can influence local and
regional precipitation. Previous work has assessed the impacts of tropical deforestation on …

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the
ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global …