Large macromolecular assemblies, so-called molecular machines, are critical to ensuring
proper cellular function. Understanding how proper function is achieved at the atomic level …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na V s) provide the initial electrical signal that drives action
potential generation in many excitable cells of the brain, heart, and nervous system. For …

Bacterial voltage-gated sodium channels (BacNavs) serve as models of their vertebrate
counterparts. BacNavs contain conserved voltage-sensing and pore-forming domains, but …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na V s) are central elements of cellular excitation.
Notwithstanding advances from recent bacterial Na V (BacNa V) structures, key questions …

Divalent cation block is observed in various tetrameric ion channels. For blocking, a divalent
cation is thought to bind in the ion pathway of the channel, but such block has not yet been …

Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are outfitted with diverse cytoplasmic domains that
impact function. To examine how such elements may affect VGIC behavior, we addressed …

Voltage-gated sodium channels have essential roles in electrical signalling. Prokaryotic
sodium channels are tetramers consisting of transmembrane (TM) voltage-sensing and pore …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na V s) and calcium channels (Ca V s) are involved in
electrical signaling, contraction, secretion, synaptic transmission, and other physiological …

In excitable cells, the initiation of the action potential results from the opening of voltage-
gated sodium channels. These channels undergo a series of conformational changes …

Activation and inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) are well studied, yet the
molecular mechanisms governing channel gating in the membrane remain unknown. We …