TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

Liver fibrosis is an advanced liver disease condition, which could progress to cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, there is no direct approved antifibrotic therapy, and …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related
cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is associated with
inflammation in various pathological conditions. Well-known angiogenetic factors include …

The development of life-threatening cancer metastases at distant organs requires
disseminated tumour cells' adaptation to, and co-evolution with, the drastically different …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Unlike
many other mature cell types in the adult body, VSMC do not terminally differentiate but …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family controls many fundamental aspects of
cellular behavior. With advances in the molecular details of the TGF-β signaling cascade …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease resulting in the hardening and thickening of the
wall of arteries and the formation of plaques, which comprise immune cells, mesenchymal …

Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or
chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore …