Exercise has a profound effect on the normal functioning of the immune system. It is
generally accepted that prolonged periods of intensive exercise training can depress …

Physical activity, by definition, is any skeletal muscle body movement that results in energy
expenditure. In the last few decades, a plethora of scientific evidences have accumulated …

Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by
aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects …

Despite the wealth of epidemiological and experimental studies indicating the protective role
of regular physical activity/exercise training against the sequels of aging and cardiovascular …

Stress-induced immunological reactions to exercise have stimulated much research into
stress immunology and neuroimmunology. It is suggested that exercise can be employed as …

Regular moderate exercise is associated with a reduced incidence of infection compared
with a completely sedentary state. However, prolonged bouts of strenuous exercise cause a …

Modified muscle use or injury can produce a stereotypic inflammatory response in which
neutrophils rapidly invade, followed by macrophages. This inflammatory response coincides …

Neutrophils play important roles in host defense against all classes of infectious agents but,
paradoxically, they are also involved in the pathology of various inflammatory conditions …

Strenuous exercise increases oxygen consumption and causes disturbance of intracellular
pro‐oxidant–antioxidant homeostasis. The mitochondrial electron transport chain …

Abstract Nieman, David C. Immune response to heavy exertion. J. Appl. Physiol. 82 (5):
1385–1394, 1997.—Epidemiological data suggest that endurance athletes are at increased …