The complement cascade comprises soluble and cell surface proteins and is an important
arm of the innate immune system. Once activated, the complement system rapidly generates …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia,
with absolute insulin deficiency or insulin resistance as the main cause, and causes damage …

Primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in
adults. In most cases, this autoimmune kidney disease is associated with autoantibodies …

Background The complement system is highly activated in primary membranous
nephropathy (MN). Identifying the complement components that damage podocytes has …

The spike protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can
interact with endothelial cells. However, no studies demonstrated the direct effect of the …

Background: Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common degenerative disease that
can lead to collapse or herniation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and result in radiculopathy …

Inflammation and abnormal metabolism play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic
nephropathy (DN). Annexin A1 (ANXA1) contributes to inflammation resolution and …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an enduring condition that leads to inflammation and affects a
substantial number of individuals with diabetes worldwide. A gradual reduction in …

The mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide anion
(O2•–) is produced by the process of oxidative phosphorylation associated with glucose …

Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease are common chronic illnesses in the United States and
lack clearly demonstrated therapeutics. Mitochondria, the “powerhouse of the cell”, is …