It is very important to identify and characterize the immune-related genes that respond to
pathogens. Until recently, only some of the immune-related genes in sea cucumbers had …

The production of melanin is a complex process involving biochemical cascades, such as
the pro-phenoloxidase (proPO) system, and enzymes, such as phenoloxidases (POs) …

Virus-induced genes were identified using suppression subtractive hybridisation (SSH) from
Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, haemocytes challenged by OsHV-1. A total of 304 …

The polyether toxin, okadaic acid, causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans. Despite
extensive research into its cellular targets using rodent models, we know little about its …

Hybridization is an effective way of improving germplasm in abalone, as it often generates
benign traits in the hybrids. The hybrids of Haliotis discus hannai and H. gigantea have …

Blooms of the harmful alga Dinophysis acuminata, which produces okadaic acid (OA), are
becoming recurrent in Santa Catarina coast, where most of the shellfish marine farms in …

Tyrosinase (TYR), also known as monophenol monooxygenase, is a ubiquitous binuclear
copper-containing enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenols to catechols and …

The phenomenon of hyperpigmentation (melanosis) in shellfish has long been attributed to
phenoloxidase enzymes. Over the last number of years, the oxygen carrier hemocyanin, has …

Infectious disease outbreaks are causing widespread declines of marine invertebrates
including corals, sea stars, shrimps, and molluscs. Dermo is a lethal infectious disease of the …

The morphology and functionality of Ruditapes decussatus haemocytes have been
characterized by light microscopy and flow cytometry, leading to the identification of three …