We generalize our view of a bonded-particle model (BPM) to consist of a base material (that
is a packed assembly of rigid grains joined by deformable and breakable cement at grain …

The philosophy of measurement studies the conceptual, ontological, epistemic, and
technological conditions that make measurement possible and reliable. A new wave of …

The scientific method is the systematic process through which researchers and scientists
discover the truth about the natural world. Researchers observe the world and ask …

Abstract The pervasiveness of Computer Science (CS) in today's digital society and the
extensive use of computational methods in other sciences call for its introduction in the …

Introduction: doing science in a complex world. Science by humans; Science in a complex
world; The payoff: idealizations and many aims--Complex causality and simplified …

Computational thinking (CT) is a popular phrase that refers to a collection of computational
ideas and habits of mind that people in computing disciplines acquire through their work in …

An argument that the material arrangements of information—how it is represented and
interpreted—matter significantly for our experience of information and information systems …

In the 1950s, John Reber convinced many Californians that the best way to solve the state's
water shortage problem was to dam up the San Francisco Bay. Against massive political …

Acoustic cavitation is the formation and subsequent violent collapse of bubbles in liquid
irradiated with intense ultrasound. Ultrasound is radiated by a vibrating plate connected to …

One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new
scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails …