Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signaling cascade is among the most frequently mutated
pathways in human cancer. Approximately 50% of melanoma patients possess a druggable …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signalling pathway is hyperactivated in a high
percentage of tumours, most frequently owing to activating mutations of the KRAS, NRAS …

The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated
BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential …

The first step of RAF activation involves binding to active RAS, resulting in the recruitment of
RAF to the plasma membrane. To understand the molecular details of RAS-RAF interaction …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

Proteins are dynamic entities that undergo a plethora of conformational changes that may
take place on a wide range of time scales. These changes can be as small as the rotation of …