Drylands are an essential component of the Earth System and are among the most
vulnerable to climate change. In this Review, we synthesize observational and modelling …

Climate change and variability are a major threat to the agricultural sector globally. It is
widely accepted that the changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, sea water level and …

Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration affect continental runoff through radiative and
physiological forcing. However, how climate and land surface changes, and their …

Higher evaporative demands and more frequent and persistent dry spells associated with
rising temperatures suggest that drought conditions could worsen in many regions of the …

This paper shows recent progress in our understanding of climate variability and trends in
the Amazon region, and how these interact with land use change. The review includes an …

Drought is a complex and multivariate phenomenon influenced by diverse physical and
biological processes. Such complexity precludes simplistic explanations of cause and effect …

Weather extremes have widespread harmful impacts on ecosystems and human
communities with more deaths and economic losses from flash floods than any other severe …

Rising atmospheric CO2 will make Earth warmer, and many studies have inferred that this
warming will cause droughts to become more widespread and severe. However, rising …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

The geography and timing of changes in water availability under climate change are of
considerable societal interest. Characterizing these changes in a robust and meaningful …