Maternal and paternal factors influence offspring development and program its genome for
successful postnatal life. Based on the stressors during gestation, the pregnant female …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

The renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) constitutes an important hormonal system in the
physiological regulation of blood pressure. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS may lead to the …

MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate target gene expression in the
posttranscriptional level. Unlike siRNA, microRNAs are “fine‐tuners” rather than “switches” …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane-bound protein containing 805
amino acids. ACE2 shows approximately 42% sequence similarity to somatic ACE but has …

The compensatory alterations in the rennin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
contribute to the salt–water balance and sufficient placental perfusion for the subsequent …

Placental development and function implicate important morphological and physiological
adaptations to thereby ensure efficient maternal–fetal exchanges, as well as pregnancy …

Intrauterine hypoxia is a feature of pregnancy complications, both at high altitude and sea
level. To understand the placental response to reduced oxygen availability, small animal …

Rodents are a useful model for life science research. Accumulating evidence suggests that
the offspring of mice and rats suffer from similar disorders as humans when exposed to …

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Are any microRNAs (miRNAs) that target the placental renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) in the human placenta suppressed in early gestation? SUMMARY …