Cell culture has become an indispensable part of modern research and is considered the
best alternatives for different biological research on whole animals as they mimic the host …

Despite the impressive increase in the cloning and expression of genes encoding fish
immunoregulatory molecules, the knowledge on “in vivo” and “in vitro” functional …

We identified and characterized two isoforms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) from the
goldfish, TNFα-1 and TNFα-2. At the protein level, goldfish TNFα-1 and TNFα-2 were most …

Abstract Mammalian macrophage CSF (MCSF; CSF-1) is the primary regulator of the
mononuclear phagocyte lineage. We, for the first time, report the complete sequencing of …

Abstract Background Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious birnavirus
disease of farmed salmonid fish, which often causes high levels of morbidity and mortality. A …

Phagocytosis provides a critical first line of defense against invading pathogens.
Engagement of particles through receptor-mediated binding precedes internalization and …

There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune
system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing …

The present work focused on the histological and ultrastructural studies on haemopoiesis in
the kidney of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Haemopoietic tissue was found mainly in the …

Fish is a heterogeneous group of different organisms which include the agnathans
(hagfishes and lampreys), condryctians (sharks and rays) and teleosteans (bony fish). Like …

Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cell-cell communication via transfer of
molecular cargo including genetic material like miRNAs. In mammals, it has previously been …