The theory is advanced that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive
substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation. This view is related to the theory …

The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

Although cocaine binds to several sites in the brain, the biochemical receptor mechanism or
mechanisms associated with its dependence producing properties are unknown. It is shown …

This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of
neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the …

Neuroleptic drugs disrupt the learning and performance of operant habits motivated by a
variety of positive reinforcers, including food, water, brain stimulation, intravenous opiates …

In 1953 Olds and Milner 9o discovered that animals would repeat acts that were followed by
delivery of electrical stimulation of the brain. This finding had important implications for …

Euphoric properties of cocaine lead to the development of chronic abuse, and appear to
involve the acute activation of central DA neuronal systems. This is based upon known …

Studies of the brain mechanisms of addictive drug actions suggest a two-factor model of
addiction. First, all addictive substances are argued to have psychomotor stimulant …

This review applies some new experimental findings and theoretical ideas about how
reinforcers act on the neural mechanisms of learning and memory to the problem of how …

Fluctuations in extracellular dopamine and DOPAC levels in nucleus accumbens septi
(NAS) were monitored in 1-min microdialysis samples taken from rats engaged in …