The discovery and quantification of adverse drug reactions has long relied on the careful
analysis of spontaneously reported cases. Causality assessment (imputation) was a …

Numerous methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been
published. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these methods and discuss …

Idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) remains poorly understood. It is assumed that
the affected individuals possess a rare combination of genetic and non genetic factors that, if …

The pathophysiology of microscopic colitis is unknown, although it is thought to be because
of an abnormal immune reaction to luminal antigens in predisposed hosts. Specific antigens …

Background The causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains a
challenge, and none of the different available method of causality assessment used for …

Purpose Although the prevalence of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) in elderly outpatients is
high, many potential DDIs do not have any actual clinical effect, and data on the occurrence …

Serious illnesses or even deaths may rarely occur after childhood vaccinations. Public
health programs are faced with great challenges to establish if the events presenting after …

Causality assessment of suspected drug induced liver injury (DILI) and herb induced liver
injury (HILI) is hampered by the lack of a standardized approach to be used by attending …

Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign, self‐limiting disorder characterized by abnormally
hypertrophied and elongated filiform papillae on the surface of the tongue. The prevalence …

Abstract Importance: Basic essence of Pharmacovigilance is prevention of ADRs and its
precise diagnosis is crucially a primary step, which still remains a challenge among …