We review research showing that rumination has multiple negative consequences:(a)
exacerbating psychopathology by magnifying and prolonging negative mood states …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder that presents
several challenges for neuroscience. Recent advances in its genetic and developmental …

Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual
and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this …

Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors, characteristic of obsessive-
compulsive disorder and addiction, are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control …

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders and are often chronic and
disabling. Although exposure-based treatments are effective, a substantial number of …

Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …

Why do we repeat choices that we know are bad for us? Decision making is characterized
by the parallel engagement of two distinct systems, goal-directed and habitual, thought to …

Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable
cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct …