The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused a global health
emergency. The outbreak of this virus has raised a number of questions: What is SARS-CoV …

Virus–receptor interactions play a key regulatory role in viral host range, tissue tropism, and
viral pathogenesis. Viruses utilize elegant strategies to attach to one or multiple receptors …

Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The
outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is …

Rationale: Fine particulate matter air pollution of 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2. 5) has
been associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease, but assessments of specific …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are responsible for dynamic changes
in gene expression, and some regulate innate antiviral responses. Retinoic acid–inducible …

Rapid change and zoonotic transmission to humans have enhanced the virulence of the
influenza A virus (IAV). Neutralizing antibodies fail to provide lasting protection from …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

Annual and sporadic influenza outbreaks pose a great threat to human health and the
economy worldwide. Moreover, the frequent mutation of influenza viruses caused by antigen …

NLRX1 is a member of the NOD‐like receptor family, a set of pattern recognition receptors
associated with innate immunity. Interestingly, NLRX1 exists in somewhat of an exile from its …

This minireview presents an overview of current knowledge on virion structure, genome
organization and basic events in the development of influenza A virus. The processes of …