ROS (superoxide and oxygen peroxide in this paper) play a dual role as signalling
molecules and strong oxidizing agents leading to oxidative stress. Their production mainly …

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles of endosymbiotic origin that are essential components
of eukaryal cells. They contain their own genetic machinery, have multicopy genomes and …

Ischaemia-reperfusion injury occurs when the blood supply to an organ is disrupted and
then restored, and underlies many disorders, notably heart attack and stroke. While …

Succinate is a signaling metabolite sensed extracellularly by succinate receptor 1
(SUNCR1). The accumulation of succinate in macrophages is known to activate a pro …

The citric acid cycle (CAC) metabolite fumarate has been proposed to be cardioprotective;
however, its mechanisms of action remain to be determined. To augment cardiac fumarate …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular
matrix in the lung with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, leading to chronically …

Background Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with metabolic
heart disease (MHD). However, the mechanism by which ROS cause MHD is unknown. We …

The function of biological cells is intimately associated with their internal organization, in
which multiple subcellular structures have specialized roles. Such subcellular structures …

Abstract l-lactate formation occurs via the reduction of pyruvate catalyzed by lactate
dehydrogenase. l-lactate removal takes place via its oxidation into pyruvate, which may be …

Abstract The neurotoxin 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NPA) is an inhibitor of succinate
dehydrogenase, an enzyme participating both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial …