Unprecedented advances have been made in cancer treatment with the use of immune
checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, responses are limited to a subset of patients, and …

Contemporary studies have completely changed the view of brain immunity from envisioning
the brain as isolated and inaccessible to peripheral immune cells to an organ in close …

Despite recent therapeutic advances in cancer treatment, metastasis remains the principal
cause of cancer death. Recent work has uncovered the unique biology of metastasis …

Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, certain tumor types, such as
Glioblastomas, are highly resistant due to their tumor microenvironment disabling the anti …

As a point of convergence for numerous oncogenic signaling pathways, signal transducer
and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is central in regulating the anti-tumor immune …

Astrocytes are neural parenchymal cells that ubiquitously tile the central nervous system
(CNS). In addition to playing essential roles in healthy tissue, astrocytes exhibit an …

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), performing
complex functions in health and disease. It is now clear that multiple astrocyte subsets or …

Cancer is now considered a tumor microenvironment (TME) disease, although it was
originally thought to be a cell and gene expression disorder. Over the past 20 years …

Astrocytes are critical components of the neurovascular unit that support blood-brain barrier
(BBB) function. Pathological transformation of astrocytes to reactive states can be protective …

Brain metastases are refractory to therapies that control systemic disease in patients with
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and the brain …