A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential,
physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. The present …

Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

The organization of response systems in emotion is founded on two basic motive systems,
appetitive and defensive. The subcortical and deep cortical structures that determine primary …

This chapter explores the psychophysiological study of emotion primarily from a biphasic
motivational view. This view posits that human emotions are organized by neural systems of …

Rationale: Since the mid-1970s, cross-species translational studies of prepulse inhibition
(PPI) have increased at an astounding pace as the value of this neurobiologically …

Startle is a fast response to sudden, intense stimuli and probably protects the organism from
injury by a predator or by a blow. The acoustic startle response (ASR) of mammals is …

After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and
humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present …

Rationale: Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex can be assessed across species, using
similar stimuli to elicit similar responses. Prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of …

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a robust operational measure of sensorimotor gating. In
schizophrenic patients PPI is deficient. The aim of our review was to investigate the state of …

Objective: To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination
of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms …