The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety—the main
involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host …

Context Energy balance is critical for survival and health, and control of food intake is an
integral part of this process. This report reviews hormonal signals that influence food intake …

Summary Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteric hormone that stimulates insulin
secretion and improves glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1-based treatments are …

Short-term regulation of food intake controls what, when and how much we eat within a
single day or a meal. This regulation results from an integrated response to neural and …

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone that is released from the gut in response to
nutrients such as lipids to lower food intake. Here we report that a primary increase of CCK …

The rising prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions, with an associated cost
estimated at up to 7% of health expenditures worldwide. Bariatric surgery is currently the …

Several major developments have occurred since the last edition of Handbook of Obesity:
Clinical Applications, including new clinical trials, discoveries related to drug use, and …

An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic
metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an …

Objective Type 2 diabetes and obesity are emerging pandemics in the 21st century creating
worldwide urgency for the development of novel and safe therapies. We investigated trace …

Impaired glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion or response may contribute to ineffective
insulin release in type 2 diabetes. The conditionally essential amino acid glutamine …