A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Stroke is the second leading cause of death, after ischemic heart disease, and accounts for
9% of deaths worldwide. According to the World Health Organization [WHO], 15 million …

Significant amounts of oxygen free radicals (oxidants) are generated during cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion, and oxidative stress plays an important role in brain damage after …

Apoptosis, a genetically programmed cellular event leads to biochemical and morphological
changes in cells. Alterations in DNA caused by several factors affect nucleus and ultimately …

Cerebral ischemia (stroke) triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular
mechanisms that impairs the neurologic functions through breakdown of cellular integrity …

Estrogen is an important hormone signal that regulates multiple tissues and functions in the
body. This review focuses on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen in the …

Despite numerous defenses, the brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress resulting from
ischemia/reperfusion. Excitotoxic stimulation of superoxide and nitric oxide production leads …

Mitochondria play important roles as the powerhouse of the cell. After cerebral ischemia,
mitochondria overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been thoroughly …

In recent years we have witnessed a major interest in the study of the role of mitochondria,
not only as ATP producers through oxidative phosphorylation but also as regulators of …

Astrocytes, once believed to serve only as “glue” for the structural support of neurons, have
been demonstrated to serve critical functions for the maintenance and protection of neurons …