Abstract Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia,
sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been …

Flourished in the past two decades, fluorescent probe technology provides researchers with
accurate and efficient tools for in situ imaging of biomarkers in living cells and tissues and …

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are family C, dimeric G protein–coupled
receptors (GPCRs), which play critical roles in synaptic transmission. Despite an increasing …

Opioids continue to be of use for the treatment of pain. Most clinically used analgesics target
the μ opioid receptor whose activation results in adverse effects like respiratory depression …

Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7OH) are the major alkaloids mediating the
biological actions of the psychoactive plant kratom. To investigate the structure–activity …

Microglia participates in the modulation of pain signaling. The activation of microglia is
suggested to play an important role in affective disorders that are related to a dysfunction of …

Understanding neurotransmitter system crosstalk in the brain is a major challenge in
neurobiology. Several intracellular and genomic cascades have been identified in this …

Dry leaves of kratom (mitragyna speciosa) are anecdotally consumed as pain relievers and
antidotes against opioid withdrawal and alcohol use disorders. There are at least 54 …

The mu opioid receptor (μOR) is a target for clinically used analgesics. However, adverse
effects, such as respiratory depression and physical dependence, necessitate the …

Clinical treatment of acute to severe pain relies on the use of opioids. While their potency is
significant, there are considerable side effects that can negatively affect patients. Their rise …