In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor
immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (eg, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) …

TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an aggressive malignancy, is
characterized by high morbidity and low survival rates with limited therapeutic options …

Tumor metastasis is a major contributor to the death of cancer patients. It is driven not only
by the intrinsic alterations in tumor cells, but also by the implicated cross-talk between …

Currently approved immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies targeting the PD-1 and CTLA-4
receptor pathways are powerful treatment options for certain cancers; however, most …

The concept that progression of cancer is regulated by interactions of cancer cells with their
microenvironment was postulated by Stephen Paget over a century ago. Contemporary …

The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecology of cells that evolves with and provides
support to tumor cells during the transition to malignancy. Among the innate and adaptive …

The respective antitumoral and protumoral roles of M1 and M2 tumor-associated
macrophages (TAM) typify the complexity of macrophage function in cancer. In lung cancer …

Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and
macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play …

Cancer is a systemic disease encompassing multiple components of both tumor cells
themselves and host stromal cells. It is now clear that stromal cells in the tumor …