Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly
influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular …

Energetic insufficiency in neurons due to inadequate lactate supply is implicated in several
neuropathologies, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). By formalizing …

Experimental studies of learning suggest that human temperament may depend on the
molecular mechanisms for associative conditioning, which are highly conserved in animals …

The widespread mobile phone use raises concerns on the possible cerebral effects of
radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF). Reactive astrogliosis was reported in …

Long lasting abusive consumption, dependence, and withdrawal are characteristic features
of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Mechanistically, persistent changes in gene expression are …

Glucocorticoids are stress hormones released from the adrenal cortex and their
concentration is controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. In this study, we …

As more evidence points to a clear role for astrocytes in synaptic processing,
synaptogenesis and cognition, continuing research on astrocytic function could lead to …

Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning involving different and complex
sensorimotor and cognitive processes. Because the hippocampus has been related to some …

Abstract γ-Synuclein (γ-syn) is expressed by astrocytes in the human nervous system, and
increased extracellularly in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of individuals diagnosed with …

Social subjugation has widespread consequences affecting behavior and underlying neural
systems. We hypothesized that individual differences in stress responsiveness were …