Signal peptides (SP) are short peptides located in the N-terminal of proteins, carrying
information for protein secretion. They are ubiquitous to all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. SPs …

Glucose oxidase is a subset of oxidoreductase enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of
electrons from an oxidant to a reductant. Glucose oxidases use oxygen as an external …

Degradation of cellulosic carbon, the most important natural carbon reservoirs on this planet
by cellulase is very essential for valuable soluble sugars. This cellulase has potential …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of some diseases such as pneumonia,
sepsis, and meningitis mostly in children less than 5 years of age. Presently, two types of …

Vaccination has been one of the most successful breakthroughs in medical history. In recent
years, epitope-based subunit vaccines have been introduced as a safer alternative to …

Multi-epitope peptide vaccines, as a kind of fusion proteins, usually possess a string-of-
beads structure, consisting of several peptidic epitopes, probably adjuvants and linkers …

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar, the most severe form of the disease, is endemic in
more than eighty countries across the world. To date, there is no approved vaccine against …

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-caused cervical cancer is the fourth common female cancer
globally. Despite availability of three effective vaccines in market, development of HPV …

Cytokines consist of peptides, proteins and glycoproteins, which are biological signaling
molecules, and boost cell-cell communication in immune reactions to stimulate cellular …

The Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems are a type
of innate immunity found in some prokaryotes, which protect them against alien genetic …