Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Plants are sessile organisms therefore, cannot avoid adverse environmental conditions
(such as soil salinity, drought, heat, cold, flooding and heavy metal contamination). These …

The vast majority of chloroplast proteins are synthesized in precursor form on cytosolic
ribosomes. Chloroplast precursor proteins have cleavable, N-terminal targeting signals …

The reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) is a key regulatory step in the biosynthesis of
chlorophyll in phototrophic organisms. Two distinct enzymes catalyze this reduction; a light …

Plant tetrapyrrole metabolism is located in two different organelles and distributes end
products into the whole cell. A complex regulatory network is involved to prevent metabolic …

NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyzes the light-dependent reduction
of protochlorophyllide. To elucidate the physiological function of three differentially regulated …

The term “heavy metal” refers to an element that usually has an atomic number greater than
20 and a density higher than 5.0 g cm− 3. Anthropogenic activities are the main source of …

Plastids are a diverse group of plant organelles that perform essential functions including
important steps in many biosynthetic pathways. Chloroplasts are the best characterized type …

Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for light harvesting and energy transduction in photosynthesis.
The Chl biosynthesis pathway in higher plants is complex and is mediated by more than 17 …

In angiosperm plants, the etioplast–chloroplast transition is light-dependent. A key factor in
this process is the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA), which catalyzes the light …