The first successful use of nanoparticles (NPs) for vaccination was reported almost 40 years
ago with a virus-like particle-based vaccine against Hepatitis B. Since then, the term NP has …

The development of a massively producible vaccine against severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, is essential for stopping the …

Pregnancy outcome is severely compromised by intrauterine infections and inflammation.
Although the pregnant uterine microenvironment is replete with innate immune cells and …

CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent immune stimuli currently under
investigation as antimicrobial agents for different species. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of
microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen …

Background Nonviral gene therapy requires a high yield and a low cost production of
eukaryotic expression vectors that meet defined criteria such as biosafety and quality of …

B lymphocytes express both B cell receptor and Toll-like receptors (TLR). We show here that
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a critical component in B cell receptor signaling, is also …

Based on the immunogenicity of domain III from the Envelope protein of dengue virus as
well as the proven protective capacity of the capsid antigen, we have designed a novel …

Immunoglobulin (IgM) is the primary immunoglobulin essential for defense mechanisms in
fish. It is difficult to reliably quantify IgM because a lack of standardization in methodology …

Synthetic phosphorothiolate-modified CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent
immune stimuli. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 and TLR21 are their cellular receptors in different …