BACKGROUND The global average per capita consumption of meat and the total amount of
meat consumed are rising (see the figure), driven by increasing average individual incomes …

Executive summary Malnutrition in all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other
dietary risks, is the leading cause of poor health globally. In the near future, the health effects …

Background Sustainable diets are intended to address the increasing health and
environmental concerns related to food production and consumption. Although many …

Background Taxes on alcohol and tobacco have long been an important means of raising
revenues for public spending in many countries but there is increasing interest in using …

The treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
imposes substantial societal costs. Expenditure is highest for renal replacement therapy …

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease, independent of conventional risk factors, is
present even at minor levels of renal impairment and is highest in patients with end-stage …

Background The consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with
increased mortality from chronic diseases, and as a result, it has been classified by the …

Background One possible policy response to the burden of diet-related disease is food taxes
and subsidies, but the net health gains of these approaches are uncertain because of …

Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the development and production of
plant-based and cell-based alternatives to farmed meat. Although promoted for their …

Introduction Ultraprocessed foods have been associated with an increased risk of
noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer as well …