Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals.
The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen …

On the basis of similarities in their genome organization and replication strategy, RNA
viruses can now be classified into 'supergroups' that often include both animal and plant …

Protein ubiquitination is a multi-functional post-translational modification that affects all
cellular processes. Its versatility arises from architecturally complex polyubiquitin chains, in …

Deformed wing virus (DWV; Iflaviridae) is one of many viruses infecting honeybees and one
of the most heavily investigated due to its close association with honeybee colony collapse …

Coronavirus genome replication and transcription take place at cytoplasmic membranes and
involve coordinated processes of both continuous and discontinuous RNA synthesis that are …

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped, positive-
sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Arteriviridae family. Arteriviruses and …

Picornaviruses are small, nonenveloped, icosahedral RNA viruses with positive-strand
polarity. Although the vast majority of picornavirus infections remain asymptomatic, many …

Deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybees (Apis mellifera) is closely associated with
characteristic wing deformities, abdominal bloating, paralysis, and rapid mortality of …

Current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic …

Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but
also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or …