This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM). E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1 …

Since its discovery in the early 1970s, the crucial role of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
(MJO) in the global hydrological cycle and its tremendous influence on high‐impact climate …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

The sixth version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called
MIROC6, was cooperatively developed by a Japanese modeling community. In the present …

This paper describes the main characteristics of CNRM‐CM6‐1, the fully coupled
atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model of sixth generation jointly developed by …

The representation of nonlinear subgrid processes, especially clouds, has been a major
source of uncertainty in climate models for decades. Cloud-resolving models better …

Abstract The Global Coupled 3 (GC3) configuration of the Met Office Unified Model is
presented. Among other applications, GC3 is the basis of the United Kingdom's submission …

We present an unprecedented set of high‐resolution climate simulations, consisting of a 500‐
year pre‐industrial control simulation and a 250‐year historical and future climate simulation …

We describe Global Atmosphere 6.0 and Global Land 6.0 (GA6. 0/GL6. 0): the latest science
configurations of the Met Office Unified Model and JULES (Joint UK Land Environment …

This study investigates the quality of the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), which is
the second global reanalysis constructed by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), by …