Innate immunity is a semi‐specific and widely distributed form of immunity, which represents
the first line of defence against pathogens. This type of immunity is critical to maintain …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the high-risk factors for human HCC.
Despite the integration of virus DNA and the oncoprotein HBx, chronic necroinflammation …

Prophylactic vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have lowered the incidence of severe COVID-19, but
emergence of viral variants that are antigenically distinct from the vaccine strains are of …

The liver has vital metabolic and clearance functions that involve the uptake of nutrients,
waste products and pathogens from the blood. In addition, its unique immunoregulatory …

The liver is a unique anatomical and immunological site in which antigen‐rich blood from
the gastrointestinal tract is pressed through a network of sinusoids and scanned by antigen …

More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus
(HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are at risk of developing chronic liver disease …

Although the CD4+-and CD8+-T-cell responses to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are thought to
be crucial for the control of HBV infection, the relative contribution of each T-cell subset as …

The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease
pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus infection. It is generally acknowledged that the …

Among the many viruses that are known to infect the human liver, hepatitis B virus (HBV)
and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are unique because of their prodigious capacity to cause …

This review describes the contribution of noncytolytic mechanisms to the control of viral
infections with a particular emphasis on the role of cytokines in these processes. It has long …