Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is the main second messenger that helps to transmit
depolarization status and synaptic activity to the biochemical machinery of a neuron. These …

The endothelium plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by
synthesizing and releasing several vasodilating substances, including vasodilator …

The signaling pathways involved in the long-term metabolic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II)
in vascular smooth muscle cells are incompletely understood but include the generation of …

Cerium (Ce) is a rare earth metal that is not known to have any biological role. Cerium oxide
materials of several sizes and shapes have been developed in recent years as a scaffold for …

When killer lymphocytes recognize infected cells, perforin delivers cytotoxic proteases
(granzymes) into the target cell to trigger apoptosis. What happens to intracellular bacteria …

Chronic hyperglycemia causes structural alterations of proteins through the Maillard
reaction. In diabetes, methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced hydroimidazolones are the predominant …

Extending the use of nitroxides as probes into more complex systems such as viable cells
and whole animals requires greater knowledge of their interactions in functioning biological …

Golgi oxidative stress is significantly associated with the occurrence and progression of
hypertension. Notably, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is directly …

Defective DNA damage signalling and repair is a hallmark of age-related and genetic
neurodegenerative disease. One mechanism implicated in disease progression is DNA …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important but not yet fully defined role in the
expression of inflammatory genes such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. We …