Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells
in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal …

In spite of the successful use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinic for tumor treatment,
their applications are still hampered in therapeutic development due to limitations, such as …

Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs), the autonomous variable domains of camelid and shark
heavy‐chain antibodies, have many desirable properties as components of biologic drugs …

Nanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of
antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and …

The development of tumor-targeted therapies using monoclonal antibodies has been
successful during the last 30 years. Nevertheless, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is …

Variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH), also known as nanobodies (Nbs),
are monomeric antigen-binding domains derived from the camelid heavy chain-only …

Since their discovery, nanobodies have been used extensively in the fields of research,
diagnostics and therapy. These antigen binding fragments, originating from Camelid heavy …

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have become mainstream in cancer treatment.
However, only patient subsets benefit from these expensive therapies, and often responses …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment which involves a
photosensitizer (PS), light at a specific wavelength for PS activation and oxygen, which …

The development of monoclonal antibody treatments for successful tumor-targeted therapies
took several decades. However, the efficacy of antibody-based therapy is still confined and …