Brain edema is a potentially fatal pathological state that occurs after brain injuries such as
stroke and head trauma. In the edematous brain, excess accumulation of extracellular fluid …

Recent years have witnessed a steep increase in studies on the diverse roles of neuronal
cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The versatility of CCC gene transcription …

In physiological conditions, adult neurons have low intracellular Cl−[(Cl−) I] levels
underlying the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic inhibitory drive. In contrast, neurons have …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder with a tremendous
public health burden. It is grossly defined as an alteration in brain function or other evidence …

The brain achieves homeostasis of its intracellular and extracellular fluids by precisely
regulating the transport of solute and water across its major cellular barriers: endothelia of …

Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms
critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is well known as a
major source for superoxide radical generation in leukocytes. Superoxide radicals play a …

Ischemic tolerance describes the adaptive biological response of cells and organs that is
initiated by preconditioning (ie, exposure to stressor of mild severity) and the associated …

With the emergence of novel technologies and ground breaking concepts in BBB basic
research in the past decades, the researchers' attention on the critical role of blood brain …

Three aquaporins are expressed in the brain. AQP4, the predominant brain water channel,
is expressed in astrocyte endfeet facing brain capillaries, perisynaptic spaces, and nodes of …