present distinctive challenges. The Article concludes by considering a few specific potential
reforms designed to meet those challenges: assessing a surcharge onfrequent filers as a …

In doing so, it identifies the factors that drive modern Fourth Amendment search decisions-
and those that fail to drive them. It examines disagreements among lower courts about the …

Social norms play a central role in Fourth Amendment law. The Supreme Court has
emphasized the" great significance given to widely shared social expectations" and" social …

ABSTRACT The Fourth Amendment applies when the government violates a citizen's"
reasonable expectation of privacy." But the Supreme Court has never explained what makes …

For decades, Fourth Amendment protections have turned on" reasonable expectations of
privacy." But a new era may be dawning. There is growing interest among judges and …

Each year, state agents search the homes of hundreds of thousands of families across the
United States under the auspices of the family regulation system. Through these searches …

Many modern technologies gather information about their users. 1 These technologies are
often hard to avoid. Computers, the internet, and cell phones are ubiquitous and play an …

The Fourth Amendment prohibits the government from engaging in" un-reasonable
searches."'Government agents generally have to justify their searches by obtaining a …

Court's October 2017 term, Carpenter v. United States, 1 revolved around an almost
universally reviled piece of jurisprudence, the Fourth Amendment's third-party doctrine …

Black communities have been surveilled by governmental institutions and law enforcement
agencies throughout the history of the United States. Most recently, law enforcement has …