The sporadic E layers (Es) form in the dynamo region of the ionosphere when metallic ions
of meteoric origin are converged vertically in a wind shear. This paper provides a …

The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

Two-dimensional structures of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs)
over Europe have been revealed, for the first time, by using maps of the total electron …

GPS radio occultation measurements from CHAMP, GRACE‐A and FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC
are used to derive global information on small‐scale ionospheric irregularities such as …

The Copernicus Sentinel-1A/B satellites operating at C-band in terrain observation by
progressive scans (TOPS) mode bring unprecedented opportunities for measuring large …

The radio occultation experiment aboard the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites enables the
observation of phenomena in Earth's ionosphere on a global scale. Numerous radio …

On the basis of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and
Climate (COSMIC)‐measured fluctuations in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and excess phase of …

Abstract The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellite probes the S4 scintillation index profile
of GPS signals by using the radio occultation (RO) technique. In this study, for practical use …

On the basis of S4max data retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements,
the long-term climatology of the intensity of E s layers is investigated for the period from …

The intense plasma irregularities within the ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layers at 90–130 km
altitude have a significant impact on radio communications and navigation systems. As a …