I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a disease presenting with chronic symptoms such as nasal
obstruction, rhinorrhea, hyposmia and facial pain, is highly prevalent and has a …

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common health problem in the
world. However, its etiology remains unclear. Recent researches have hypothesized that …

Objectives Our intention was to review all material published to date regarding
superantigens (SAgs) and allergy from an otorhinolaryngological viewpoint to understand …

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome is a rare complication of Staphylococcus aureus
infection in which bacterial toxins act as superantigens, activating very large numbers of T …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review explores recent discoveries in our understanding of
how biofilms and superantigens contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis …

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an idiosyncratic and multifactorial disease
process. Bacteria play a role in some patients, by infection or stimulation of inflammation …

Purpose The role of the microbiome in the paranasal sinuses and its contribution to sinus
mucosal health and disease remains poorly understood. Consequently, we examined the …

Background Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin (SAE) superantigens are detected in nasal
polyps (NPs), and SAE-specific IgE predicts asthma comorbidity in patients with NPs …