Most chelicerates operate the world with two kinds of visual organs, the median and lateral
eyes of the arthropod ground plan. In harvestmen (Opiliones), however, members of the …

Following the results of a maximum parsimony cladistic analysis of 30 terminal taxa against
117 morphologic characters (2978 scorings), the new genus Krateromaspis gen. nov. is …

Asking how prey respond to different species of predators helps understanding the
repertoire of defenses prey exhibit. This approach may also add to the knowledge on the …

Sexual differences in morphology can evolve by sexual selection and/or natural selection. In
some species, only males have morphological structures that are used as weapons. Since …

The subfamily Gonyleptinae is the second largest in Gonyleptidae, harboring over 100
species. Gonyleptinae is polyphyletic, nestled in the clade K92, and despite its richness …

Pedipalps in laniatorid harvestmen are usually cylindrical and raptorial, but species in
Cosmetidae are exceptional in that adults, but not immature, have pedipalps flattened as a …

The homologous and phylogenetically old scent glands of harvestmen—also called
defensive or repugnatorial glands—represent an ideal system for a model reconstruction of …

The defenses of harvestmen encompass nipping with spines, releasing of chemicals,
fleeing, bobbing, crypsis, and death feigning. Animals are expected to invest more in death …

Animals that live by rivers may benefit from being able to cross them, but behavioral
adaptations are needed. Additionally, being able to remain submerged is also important if …

Most harvestmen emit secretions from scent glands as a secondary defence mechanism.
Prior studies of Phareicranaus calcariferus described the general morphology of the …