This literature review presents the History, Technology, and Applications of Natural Dialog
Systems or simply chatbots. It aims to organize critical information that is a necessary …

The use of natural language interfaces in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) is
undergoing intense study through dedicated scientific and industrial research. The latest …

Abstract Knowledge graph (KG for short) alignment aims at building a complete KG by
linking the shared entities across complementary KGs. Existing approaches assume that …

A chatbot is an example of a text-based conversational agent. While natural language
understanding and machine learning techniques have advanced rapidly, current fully …

Image captioning is a challenging multimodal task. Significant improvements could be
obtained by deep learning. Yet, captions generated by humans are still considered better …

Authors' addresses: Quim Motger, jmotger@ essi. upc. edu; Xavier Franch, franch@ essi.
upc. edu, Department of Service and Information System Engineering (ESSI), Universitat …

Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the
correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A common strategy to …

Knowledge graph integration typically suffers from the widely existing dangling entities that
cannot find alignment cross knowledge graphs (KGs). The dangling entity set is unavailable …

Question answering systems (QAS) are developed to answer questions presented in natural
language by extracting the answer. The development of QAS is aimed at making the Web …

Chatbots are text-based conversational agents. Natural Language Understanding (NLU)
models are used to extract meaning and intention from user messages sent to chatbots. The …