Background: This study intends to summarize the causes, clinical examination, and
treatments of scapular dyskinesis (SD) and to briefly investigate whether alteration can be …

Background: There is an association between throwing activity and glenohumeral internal
rotation deficit (GIRD). An 18° to 20° deficit has been adopted as the standard definition of …

HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that posterior capsule thickness (PCT) would be greater on
the dominant arm compared to the non-dominant arm. We also hypothesized that PCT …

A glenohumeral internal rotation deficit of the dominant shoulder relative to the non-
dominant shoulder (GIRD) is considered a risk factor for shoulder injury in overhead …

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and posterior shoulder stiffness
have been associated with impingement symptoms in the overhead athlete. Stretching of the …

Objectives It is well established that musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a significant
occupational health issue for dentists and hygienists. Despite this, there has been little …

Introduction: Although the lack of internal rotation (IR) and total range of motion (TRM) has
been identified as a significant contributing factor of shoulder injuries, our goal was to …

The overhead athlete is at unique risk for injury because of the mechanics associated with
rapid shoulder elevation, abduction, and external rotation. Angulation of the humeral head …

Background: Proper scapulothoracic and hip mechanics are essential aspects of the
throwing kinetic chain. Little is known regarding these entities in preadolescent and …

This study aimed to investigate physiological and pathological Glenohumeral Internal
Rotation Deficit (GIRD) in volleyball players with and without a history of shoulder pain …