The mammalian skeleton is a metabolically active organ that continuously undergoes bone
remodeling, a process of tightly coupled bone resorption and formation throughout life …

Bone regeneration is a complex and well‐coordinated process that involves crosstalk
between immune cells and resident cells in the injury site. Transplantation of mesenchymal …

Critical-sized bone defect repair in patients with diabetes mellitus remains a challenge in
clinical treatment because of dysfunction of macrophage polarization and the inflammatory …

Metal ions have been identified as important bone metabolism regulators and widely used in
the field of bone tissue engineering, however their exact role during bone regeneration …

The bone immune microenvironment (BIM) regulates bone regeneration and affects the
prognosis of fractures. However, there is currently no effective strategy that can precisely …

Bone regeneration is a complex process that requires the coordination of osteogenesis and
osteoclastogenesis. The balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis of bone marrow …

Vascularization is vital for the survival and functionality of complex tissue-engineered
organs, and immune microenvironment is pivotal for effective vascularization. 3D bioprinting …

The regeneration of diabetic bone defects remains challenging. Hyperglycemia causes
inflammation state and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) during bone regeneration …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which are often referred to as immunosuppressive
cells (M2 macrophage), constitute a subset of tumor microenvironment cells and affect tumor …

The immune system mediates inflammation, vascularization and the first response to injuries
or implanted biomaterials. Although the function of neutrophils in tissue repair has been …