Purpose Restrictive deterrence refers to the strategies offenders use to reduce their risk in
response to sanctions. It occurs when offenders reduce the frequency, severity, or duration …

Active offender research relies on the collection of data from noninstitutionalized criminals
and has made significant contributions to our understanding of the etiology of serious crime …

The current study employs a quasi-experimental design to test the efficacy of situational
crime prevention (SCP) in understanding risk avoidance behavior in a darknet environment …

Illegal drug markets have been described as “stateless” systems. Drug dealers, moreover,
are commonly considered to have a predilection toward the use of violence to resolve …

Background The pricing of illicit drugs is typically approached within the risks and prices
framework. Recent sociological and economic studies of prices in online drug markets have …

Is crime reduced by highly publicized punishment events? Is crime reduced by law
enforcement's public relations work? These longstanding questions are addressed in a …

Increased rewards and reduced risks drive illicit networks. Cybercriminals seek to avoid
risks, including detection, arrests, sanctions, and violence. Hence, they employ several …

This book draws on research into darknet cryptomarkets to examine themes of cybercrime,
cybersecurity, illicit markets and drug use. Cybersecurity is increasingly seen as essential …

Extensive criminological research has investigated the effectiveness of law enforcement
efforts to prevent offenders' reoffending and effect changes in criminal behavior patterns …

The origins and escalation of group violence are central to the criminological enterprise.
Explanations of collective violence were developed when face-to-face interactions …