Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder that involves brain damage due to
external forces. TBI is the main factor of death and morbidity in young males with a high …

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. As a
fundamental functional module in the central nervous system, the NVU maintains …

Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey
the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia …

Research into TBI biomarkers has accelerated rapidly in the past decade owing to the
heterogeneous nature of TBI pathologies and management, which pose challenges to TBI …

Intercellular communication in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for brain
growth, development, and homeostasis maintenance and, when dysfunctional, is involved in …

Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system that help nourish and
support neurons, clear debris, and respond to foreign stimuli. Greatly impacted by their …

Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By
shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted enormous attention for their diagnostic and
therapeutic potential. However, it has proven challenging to achieve the sensitivity to detect …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high mortality and disability, with a substantial
socioeconomic burden. With the standardization of the treatment process, there is increasing …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine powerfully influencing diverse
processes of the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological …