Abstract Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar, while on the run, purportedly burned two
million dollars in banknotes to keep his daughter warm. A stark reminder that, in life …

Research in computational psychiatry is dominated by models of behavior. Subjective
experience during behavioral tasks is not well understood, even though it should be relevant …

Fear and anxiety are adaptive emotions that serve important defensive functions, yet in
excess, they can be debilitating and lead to poor mental health. Computational modelling of …

Although avoidance is a prevalent feature of anxiety-related psychopathology, differences in
the measurement of avoidance between humans and non-human animals hinder our …

In real-life communication, individuals use language that carries evident rewarding and
punishing elements, such as praise and criticism. A common trend is to seek more praise …

Since its founding in 1973, Biological Psychology has showcased and provided invaluable
support to psychophysiology, a field that has grown and changed enormously. This article …

Positive and negative affective states are respectively associated with optimistic and
pessimistic expectations regarding future reward. One mechanism that might underlie these …

Schemas are rich and complex knowledge structures about the typical unfolding of events in
a context. For example, a schema of a lovely dinner at a restaurant. Schemas are central in …

Many decision-making studies have demonstrated that humans learn either expected values
or relative preferences among choice options, yet little is known about what environmental …

Rewards play a critical role in the acquisition (learning) and transfer of knowledge
(generalisation)(Skinner, 1953; Tiihonen et al., 1997; Grillon, 2002). This process is …