Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has historically been considered to function as a sink for brain‐
derived waste disposal. Recent work suggested that CSF interacts even more intensely with …

Objective Glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system
associated with numerous neurological diseases. However, little is known about glymphatic …

Dystrophin Dp71 is the major product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene in
the brain, and its loss in DMD patients and mouse models leads to cognitive impairments …

AQP4 is expressed in the endfeet membranes of subpial and perivascular astrocytes and in
the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system. The sporadic appearance of obstructive …

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression is associated with the development of congenital
hydrocephalus due to its structural role in the ependymal membrane. Gene expression …

Water is an abundant and important component of the human brain, the homeostasis of
which is rigorously controlled. Aquaporins (AQPs) play a key role in mediating most water …

Background: The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent perivascular network, which is a
recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system associated with numerous …