Besides its essential role in protein synthesis, cysteine plays vital roles in redox
homeostasis, being a component of the major antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and a potent …

In general, iron represents a double-edged sword in metabolism in most tissues, especially
in the brain. Although the high metabolic demands of brain cells require iron as a redox …

Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, as the
majority of neurons use glutamate as neurotransmitter. It is also well known that this …

The cystine‐glutamate exchanger (xCT) promotes glutathione synthesis by catalyzing
cystine uptake and glutamate release. The released glutamate may modulate normal neural …

Chronic alcohol intake leads to neuroinflammation and cell injury, proposed to result in
alterations that perpetuate alcohol intake and cued relapse. Studies show that brain …

When activated, microglial cells have the potential not only to secrete typical
proinflammatory mediators but also to release the neurotransmitter glutamate in amounts …

Glioblastoma represents the most devastating form of human brain cancer, associated with a
very poor survival rate of patients. Unfortunately, treatment options are currently limited and …

Glial cells play an essential role in the complex function of the nervous system. In particular,
astrocytes provide nutritive support for neuronal cells and are involved in regulating synaptic …

Redox systems including extracellular cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS), intracellular
glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide …

Abstract xCT is the specific subunit of System xc-, an antiporter importing cystine while
releasing glutamate. Although xCT expression has been found in the spinal cord, its …