ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that
revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system …

Despite strong scientific evidence supporting the benefits of regular exercise for the
prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), physical inactivity is highly …

Highlights•Skeletal muscle secretes myokines that exert autocrine paracrine and endocrine
effects.•Paracrine factors modulate muscle angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and …

Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in
humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due …

The mechanisms underlying the progression of diabetes mellitus and heart failure are
closely intertwined, such that worsening of one condition is frequently accompanied by …

Obesity and diabetes are strongly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders
including dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and heart failure. Adipose …

Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leads to an
increase in morbidity, mortality, and a shortening of life span. The changes in heart structure …

Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the
regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body. Numerous experimental …

It is now established that adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart are endocrine organs
and secrete in normal and in pathological conditions several molecules, called, respectively …

The apelin pathway has emerged as a critical regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis and
disease. However, the exact role of pyr1-apelin-13 in angiotensin (Ang) II–mediated heart …