Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic and to help the return to pre-pandemic normalcy. A great many vaccine …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and
the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), have spread to millions of …

Abstract In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

T cell immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-), membrane (M-), and nucleocapsid (N-)
proteins may define COVID-19 severity. Therefore, we compare the SARS-CoV-2-reactive T …

Modern vaccine design has sought a minimalization approach, moving to the isolation of
antigens from pathogens that invoke a strong neutralizing immune response. This approach …

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and
the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of …

Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to the public and are a burden on global health
systems,. Each year, influenza vaccines must be rapidly produced to match circulating …

Researchers working on the development of vaccines face an inherent dilemma: to
maximize immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability. Early vaccines often …

The elicitation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against biotherapeutics can have detrimental
effects on drug safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. The immunogenicity of …