The RNAs of many plant viruses lack a 5′ cap and must be translated by a cap-
independent mechanism. Here, we discuss the remarkably diverse cap-independent …

Many (+)-strand RNA viruses use subgenomic (SG) RNAs as messengers for protein
expression, or to regulate their viral life cycle. Three different mechanisms have been …

Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), or RNA silencing, is a sequence-specific RNA
degradation process that targets foreign RNA, including viral and transposon RNA for …

The characterization of natural recessive resistance genes and virus‐resistant mutants of
Arabidopsis have implicated translation initiation factors of the 4E family [eIF4E and eIF (iso) …

The cum1 and cum2 mutations of Arabidopsis thaliana inhibit cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
multiplication. In cum1 and cum2 protoplasts, CMV RNA and the coat protein accumulated to …

Translationally competent mRNAs form a closed loop via interaction of initiation factors with
the 5′ cap and poly (A) tail. However, many viral mRNAs lack a cap and/or a poly (A) tail …

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), the most economically important virus of small grains,
features highly specialised relationships with its aphid vectors, a plethora of novel …

Barley yellow dwarf virus RNA lacks both a 5'cap and a poly (A) tail, yet it is translated
efficiently. It contains a cap-independent translation element (TE), located in the 3'UTR, that …

Many positive stand RNA viral genomes lack the poly (A) tail that is characteristic of cellular
mRNAs and that promotes translation in cis. The 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of such …

The 3′ cap-independent translation element (BTE) of Barley yellow dwarf virus RNA
confers efficient translation initiation at the 5′ end via long-distance base pairing with the …