The intestinal mucosa is a physiological barrier for most microbes, including both
commensal bacteria and invading pathogens. Under homeostatic conditions …

The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) faces a considerable challenge. It encounters
antigens derived from an estimated 1014 commensal microbes and greater than 30 kg of …

The intestine is constantly exposed to foreign antigens, which are mostly innocuous but can
sometimes be harmful. Therefore, the intestinal immune system has the delicate task of …

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are a crucial part of the stromal cell infrastructure of
secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Lymphoid organ fibroblasts form specialized niches for …

Food allergy now affects 6%–8% of children in the Western world; despite this, we
understand little about why certain people become sensitized to food allergens. The …

The mammalian intestine is a complex environment that is constantly exposed to Ags
derived from food, microbiota, and metabolites. Intestinal dendritic cells (DC) have the …

The gut represents a potential entry site for a wide range of pathogens including protozoa,
bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Consequently, it is protected by one of the largest and most …

Peyer's patches (PPs) are lymphoid structures situated adjacent to the intestinal epithelium
that support B cell responses that give rise to many intestinal IgA-secreting cells. Induction of …

Beyond host genetics, the environment determines microbiota-immunity interactions. Most
recent studies have focused on the interconnections between micronutrients, microbial and …

The mucosal delivery route is considered ideal for immunization. However, induction of
antigen-specific mucosal immunity is difficult due to the tolerogenic environment. Therefore …