Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by
antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) that form immune complexes that mediate pathogenesis by …

Immune processes have a vital role in CNS homeostasis, resilience and brain reserve. Our
cognitive and social abilities rely on a highly sensitive and fine-tuned equilibrium of immune …

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently show symptoms of central
nervous system (CNS) involvement, termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). The CNS …

The complement system is an ancient collection of proteolytic cascades with well-described
roles in regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. With the convergence of a revolution in …

Neuropsychiatric (NP) events occur in the majority of patients with SLE and predominantly
affect the CNS in addition to the peripheral and autonomic systems. Approximately 30% of …

The activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the
pathophysiology of cognition. While the brain RAS has been studied before in the context of …

Primary schizophreniform psychoses are thought to be caused by complex gene–
environment interactions. Secondary forms are based on a clearly identifiable organic …

Alarmins are endogenous, constitutively expressed, chemotacting and immune activating
proteins or peptides released because of non-programmed cell death (ie infections, trauma …

Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a frequent manifestation of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) that occurs in 40–90% of SLE patients; however, the underlying …